Differences in health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic between socioeconomic groups – the impact of changes in psychosocial factors and health behaviors, and risk for cardiovascular disease

BakgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has had a huge impact on society.

Restrictions aimed at preventing the spread of the infection may lead to indirect health effects via social isolation, unemployment, financial difficulties and worries.

This kind of psychosocial factors are independent risk factors for incidence and mortality in cardiovascular disease (CVD), and are associated with unhealthy behaviors and low socioeconomic status (SES).AimThe aim of this study is to analyze indirect health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, to examine whether psychosocial factors are associated with health behavior and CVD incidence during the pandemic, and if this differs between SES, sex and age groups.

In addition, the study will examine if the indirect effects of the pandemic persist 1–2-years after the pandemic-related restrictions have been lifted.

The goal is that the results of this research will provide guidance for preventive and health promoting efforts in order to reduce negative health effects of different health crises.MethodsThe studies will be based on data from the Living conditions, stress and health (LSH) study, a longitudinal study of a middle-aged population in the county of Östergötland.

At the start of the study 2012, participants responded to a questionnaire and underwent physical examination and testing at a primary care center.

In order to study the health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, a follow-up questionnaire were sent to all participants in January–April 2021. The response rate was 73 % (N=3107).

By linking the responses from this questionnaire to baseline data and to register data on CVD, the role of psychosocial factors for changes in heath behaviors (physical activity) and SES differences in consequences of the pandemic will be statistically analyzed. In order to study if the consequences of the pandemic persist, another follow-up survey is planned in early 2024.