Russia and China as Anti-Hegemonic Actors in the Persian Gulf Region

My research explores the role of revisionism towards the US-led hegemonic order in the policies of Russia and China towards the Persian Gulf Region. My research process will begin with separate, in-depth considerations of the roles of

each of Russia and China in the Persian Gulf Region. The purpose of this will be to compile a complete and detailed account of Russia's and China's activities in the PGR - relying on the full range of primary and secondary sources outlined above - from which their antihegemonic strategies can be identified using an inductive approach. This part of my research will be structured by the Iran-GCC division that frames my conception of the region, surveying, for each of Russia and China, their relations with Iran and their relations with the GCC states, and their policies directly aimed at the region as a whole.

The English School theoretical framework will then be used to divide my central research question into three sub-questions, which I will apply separately to the information compiled on Russia and the information compiled on China:

1. What strategies operating in the international system has Russia/China employed since 2018 to undermine the US' regional hegemony?

2. What strategies operating in international society has Russia/China employed since 2018 to undermine the US' regional hegemony?

3. What strategies operating in world society has Russia/China employed since 2018 to undermine the US' regional hegemony?