Business models for charging electric cars with regard to network limitations: interaction between car owners, electricity suppliers and network owners.

Wind power has grown significantly and will increase further in the coming decades. Solar energy is also expected to increase significantly.

In a power system, a continuous balance is maintained between production and demand. This is in the Nordic system often managed with hydropower. With larger amounts of wind and solar energy, other balancing sources are also needed. Electric vehicles have batteries and a future fossil-free transport system will increase the amount. If all passenger cars in Sweden (5 million) have 40 kWh batteries, the storage volume is 200 GWh.

The purpose of this project is to develop business models to be able to obtain an efficient and flexible use of electric car batteries at network capacity limitations. The flexibility includes price-dependent consumption, frequency control, voltage control and handling of network overloads. One must then consider the regulation and economic drivers for electricity consumers, electricity traders and electricity network owne